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About Australia

Australia

Region: Asia-Oceania

Area: 7,741,220 km²

Population: 27,196,812

Libraries (Service Points): 13,649

Libraries in Australia

Last update: March 2024

Libraries in Australia are highly developed. Most libraries are funded and operated by government at a state, territory or local council level, whether through the Arts, Education, Industry or another department.  Almost all schools have a library of some description, but they vary, often depending whether they are government funded or privately run. At the lower end, there are schools with a few shelves of books. At the high end, there are flagship libraries employing qualified teacher librarians.

Total expenditure on Australia’s 1600 public libraries in 2015-2016 was $1.18 billion or the equivalent of $49.11 per Australian. The majority came from local councils or territory governments, with some funding from state governments. Public libraries range from award-winning flagship library buildings through to small branches that only open a couple of days a week in regional areas. In some states there is legislation covering the provision of public library services.

There are 199 libraries in Australian universities, providing library and information services to 1.3 million higher education students. The outstanding service provided by these libraries supports the government’s international education agenda. In addition, there are 250 libraries in TAFE (further education) institutions around Australia, working to give every TAFE student the best chance of success.

In 2016 to 2017, there were an estimate of 2,100 special libraries in Australia. Special libraries include government, health, law, corporate and other libraries that serve the public sector, institutions, businesses, arts and heritage, charities and not for profit organisations.

The National Library of Australia, State Libraries of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia, the Northern Territory Library and ACT Heritage Library collect, manage and make accessible the Australian human record, preserving Australian culture and history for researchers, historians and future generations. In 2016 to 2017, these libraries had collections valued at $5.3 billion. Legal deposit legislation assists the collection of the nation’s published print and electronic books.  In total, we estimate there were more than 13,600 libraries and information service points in Australia in 2016-2017.

ALIA is the peak national body for libraries and key agenda items are:

  • A national framework for digital access to cultural collections
  • Improved access to data and scholarly information through the development and trial of open access models for government-funded research
  • Halt to government library closures and greater recognition of the role of library and information professionals in evidence-based decision-making
  • Greater recognition of the vital role that libraries play in literacy, learning and digital inclusion
  • A national early literacy strategy
  • Support for the long-term success of the Australian book industry
  • Quality library services for tertiary students enrolled in universities, TAFEs and private colleges
  • Qualified library staff employed in every school library
  • Further copyright law reform following success in 2017
  • Accreditation of higher education and vocational courses by professional bodies
  • Resourcing for public libraries to assist citizens through government’s digital transformation
  • Funding for library buildings as a vital element of Australia’s knowledge infrastructure
  • Engagement with Australia’s response to the UN Sustainable Development Goals.

Library data (Totals)

Library type

Total

National

Academic

Public

Community

School

Other

Libraries (Service Points)

Library service point is a fixed or mobile facility through which library provides a service to its users. Central libraries, branch libraries, mobile libraries, and external service points located in different geographical locations and managed by one administrative unit are all each individual service points. Number of libraries is the total number of central/main libraries, branch libraries, external service points and mobile libraries.

13,649

13,649

2020

9

2017

182

2020

1,664

2020

9,444

2017

2,350

2017
Main Libraries

Central/main library is usually part or those parts of an administrative unit where the main administrative functions and the important parts of the library collection and services are located. An administrative unit comprising several branch libraries does not necessarily include a central library.

439

439

2020

39

2020

400

2020

Branch Libraries

Branch library is a part of a larger administrative unit providing, in separate quarters, a service for a particular user group (e.g. children, faculties) or for a locally defined clientele. Institute, departmental and other affiliated libraries are included. Mobile libraries and external service points are excluded.

1,150

1,150

2020

143

2020

1,007

2020

External Service Points

External service point is a point away from library premises at which a certain service is regularly offered to users. This includes places within a locality at which library material is deposited for informal circulation to a restricted group of users but without other library services, for example, old people’s homes, community centres, collections for hospital patients. Mobile libraries and their stops are not counted as external service points.

177

177

2020

0

2020

177

2020

Mobile Libraries

Mobile library is a library, sometimes a division of a public library, using transport means to provide documents and services directly to users as an alternative to access on library premises.

80

80

2020

0

2020

80

2020

Libraries (Administrative Units)

Administrative unit is any independent library, or group of libraries, under a single directorate or a single administration. The term “independent” does not imply legal or financial independence but only that the library is a recognisably separate unit, typically within a larger organisation. The administrative unit can be a single library or a larger organisation, typically containing a central/main library, branch libraries and administrative functions.

9,990

9,990

2020

9

2020

39

2020

400

2020

9,542

2020

Libraries with Internet Access

Libraries (Service Points) that provides internet access from at least one workstation available to the public regardless of whether access is free, and/or provides a wireless network allowing users to connect to the Internet.

4,028

4,028

2020

9

2020

182

2020

1,487

2020

2,350

2017
Full-Time Staff

Full-time equivalent (FTE) staff are all library employees who work for the library in return for payment. It includes professional staff, qualified staff, project staff and assistants. Other staff (library employees who work in security and on domestic duties, for example, cleaners, porters, caretakers and catering staff) and volunteers are excluded.

22,352

22,352

2020

2,800

2020

7,852

2020

11,700

2013

Volunteers

Volunteer is a person working on library tasks without payment. In counting volunteers, the concept of headcount is used.

Registered Users

Registered user is a person or organisation registered with a library in order to use its collection and/or services within or away from the library. Users may be registered upon their request or automatically when enrolling in the institutions.

15 M

14,976,906

2020

1,651,738

2020

9,318,194

2020

4,006,974

2020

Physical Visits

Physical visit is a person (individual) entering the library premises.

137.2 M

137,249,928

2020

7,200,000

2020

45,820,825

2016

84,229,103

2020

Physical Loans

Physical loan is a direct lending or delivery transaction of an item in physical form. Physical loans include loans of items in non-electronic form (e.g. books) and loans electronic documents on a physical carrier (e.g. CD-ROM).

167.5 M

167,453,419

2020

2,117,591

2020

165,335,828

2016

eBook Loans

eBook is a non-serial digital document, licenced or not, where searchable text is prevalent, and similar to a print book (monograph). eBooks can be lent to users either on portable devices (eBook readers) or by transmitting the contents to the user’s PC or other device for a limited time period.

126.7 M

126,699,558

2020

126,699,558

2020

Audio Book Loans

Audio book (or talking book) is a sound recording of readings of a book, magazine, or newspaper, usually designed for use by visually impaired people. Audio books can be lent to users either on a physical carrier or other device, or by transmitting the content to the user’s PC or other device for a limited time period.

Downloads

Download is a content unit that is successfully requested from a library-provided online service or other internet service (e.g. database, electronic serial or digital document).

Library data (Per 1M People)

Library type

Total

National

Academic

Public

Community

School

Other

Libraries (Service Points)

Library service point is a fixed or mobile facility through which library provides a service to its users. Central libraries, branch libraries, mobile libraries, and external service points located in different geographical locations and managed by one administrative unit are all each individual service points. Number of libraries is the total number of central/main libraries, branch libraries, external service points and mobile libraries.

13,649

501.9

2020

0.3

2017

6.7

2020

61.2

2020

347.2

2017

86.4

2017
Main Libraries

Central/main library is usually part or those parts of an administrative unit where the main administrative functions and the important parts of the library collection and services are located. An administrative unit comprising several branch libraries does not necessarily include a central library.

439

16.1

2020

1.4

2020

14.7

2020

Branch Libraries

Branch library is a part of a larger administrative unit providing, in separate quarters, a service for a particular user group (e.g. children, faculties) or for a locally defined clientele. Institute, departmental and other affiliated libraries are included. Mobile libraries and external service points are excluded.

1,150

42.3

2020

5.3

2020

37

2020

External Service Points

External service point is a point away from library premises at which a certain service is regularly offered to users. This includes places within a locality at which library material is deposited for informal circulation to a restricted group of users but without other library services, for example, old people’s homes, community centres, collections for hospital patients. Mobile libraries and their stops are not counted as external service points.

177

6.5

2020

0

2020

6.5

2020

Mobile Libraries

Mobile library is a library, sometimes a division of a public library, using transport means to provide documents and services directly to users as an alternative to access on library premises.

80

2.9

2020

0

2020

2.9

2020

Libraries (Administrative Units)

Administrative unit is any independent library, or group of libraries, under a single directorate or a single administration. The term “independent” does not imply legal or financial independence but only that the library is a recognisably separate unit, typically within a larger organisation. The administrative unit can be a single library or a larger organisation, typically containing a central/main library, branch libraries and administrative functions.

9,990

367.3

2020

0.3

2020

1.4

2020

14.7

2020

350.8

2020

Libraries with Internet Access

Libraries (Service Points) that provides internet access from at least one workstation available to the public regardless of whether access is free, and/or provides a wireless network allowing users to connect to the Internet.

4,028

148.1

2020

0.3

2020

6.7

2020

54.7

2020

86.4

2017
Full-Time Staff

Full-time equivalent (FTE) staff are all library employees who work for the library in return for payment. It includes professional staff, qualified staff, project staff and assistants. Other staff (library employees who work in security and on domestic duties, for example, cleaners, porters, caretakers and catering staff) and volunteers are excluded.

22,352

821.9

2020

103

2020

288.7

2020

430.2

2013

Volunteers

Volunteer is a person working on library tasks without payment. In counting volunteers, the concept of headcount is used.

Registered Users

Registered user is a person or organisation registered with a library in order to use its collection and/or services within or away from the library. Users may be registered upon their request or automatically when enrolling in the institutions.

15 M

550,686.1

2020

60,732.8

2020

342,620.8

2020

147,332.5

2020

Physical Visits

Physical visit is a person (individual) entering the library premises.

137.2 M

5 M

2020

264,736.9

2020

1.7 M

2016

3.1 M

2020

Physical Loans

Physical loan is a direct lending or delivery transaction of an item in physical form. Physical loans include loans of items in non-electronic form (e.g. books) and loans electronic documents on a physical carrier (e.g. CD-ROM).

167.5 M

6.2 M

2020

77,861.7

2020

6.1 M

2016

eBook Loans

eBook is a non-serial digital document, licenced or not, where searchable text is prevalent, and similar to a print book (monograph). eBooks can be lent to users either on portable devices (eBook readers) or by transmitting the contents to the user’s PC or other device for a limited time period.

126.7 M

4.7 M

2020

4.7 M

2020

Audio Book Loans

Audio book (or talking book) is a sound recording of readings of a book, magazine, or newspaper, usually designed for use by visually impaired people. Audio books can be lent to users either on a physical carrier or other device, or by transmitting the content to the user’s PC or other device for a limited time period.

Downloads

Download is a content unit that is successfully requested from a library-provided online service or other internet service (e.g. database, electronic serial or digital document).

Population

Australia

Region

World

Population

Total population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship. The values shown are midyear estimates.

total

27,196,812

2024

2,388,319,494

2024

8,141,808,945

2024

Proportion of Population Younger than 15

Age dependency ratio, young, is the ratio of younger dependents--people younger than 15--to the working-age population--those ages 15-64. Data are shown as the proportion of dependents per 100 working-age population.

percentage of working-age population

27.7%

2024

26.4%

2024

38.0%

2024

Proportion of Population Older than 64

Age dependency ratio, old, is the ratio of older dependents--people older than 64--to the working-age population--those ages 15-64. Data are shown as the proportion of dependents per 100 working-age population.

precentage of working-age population

27.5%

2024

20.0%

2024

15.7%

2024

Population Growth

Annual population growth rate for year t is the exponential rate of growth of midyear population from year t-1 to t, expressed as a percentage. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship.

annual percentage

2.0%

2024

0

2024

1.0%

2024

Population Density

Population density is midyear population divided by land area in square kilometers. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin. Land area is a country's total area, excluding area under inland water bodies, national claims to continental shelf, and exclusive economic zones. In most cases the definition of inland water bodies includes major rivers and lakes.

people persq. km of land area

3.5%

2023

97.3%

2022

61.6%

2022

Urban Population

Urban population refers to people living in urban areas as defined by national statistical offices. The data are collected and smoothed by United Nations Population Division.

percentage of total population

87.6%

2024

64.4%

2024

57.6%

2024

Information Infrastructure

Australia

Region

World

Internet Users

Internet users are individuals who have used the Internet (from any location) in the last 3 months. The Internet can be used via a computer, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, games machine, digital TV etc.

percentage of population

97.1%

2023

86.6%

2024

71.2%

2024

Female Internet Users

This indicator refers to female individuals who have used the Internet (from any location) in the last 3 months. The Internet can be used via a computer, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, games machine, digital TV etc.

percentage of female population

86.1%

2017

85.5%

2024

68.2%

2024

Male Internet Users

This indicator refers to male individuals who have used the Internet (from any location) in the last 3 months. The Internet can be used via a computer, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, games machine, digital TV etc.

percentage of male population

-

85.5%

-

Access to Electricity

Access to electricity is the percentage of population with access to electricity. Electrification data are collected from industry, national surveys and international sources.

percentage of population

100.0%

2023

98.4%

2023

91.6%

2023

Economy, Poverty, and Employment

Australia

Region

World

GDP per Capita

This indicator provides values for gross domestic product (GDP) expressed in current international dollars, converted by purchasing power parities (PPPs). PPPs account for the different price levels across countries and thus PPP-based comparisons of economic output are more appropriate for comparing the output of economies and the average material well-being of their inhabitants than exchange-rate based comparisons. Gross domestic product is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. This series has been linked to produce a consistent time series to counteract breaks in series over time due to changes in base years, source data and methodologies. Thus, it may not be comparable with other national accounts series in the database for historical years. The core indicator has been divided by the general population to achieve a per capita estimate. This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. The PPP conversion factor is a currency conversion factor and a spatial price deflator. PPPs convert different currencies to a common currency and, in the process of conversion, equalize their purchasing power by eliminating the differences in price levels between countries, thereby allowing volume or output comparisons of GDP and its expenditure components.

current international $

71,410

2024

27,212.2

2024

24,405

2024

Poverty Rate

Poverty headcount ratio at $3.00 a day is the percentage of the population living on less than $3.00 a day at 2021 purchasing power adjusted prices. As a result of revisions in PPP exchange rates, poverty rates for individual countries cannot be compared with poverty rates reported in earlier editions.

percentage of population

1.0%

2020

2.0%

2024

10.3%

2024

Inequality

Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases, consumption expenditure) among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of total income received against the cumulative number of recipients, starting with the poorest individual or household. The Gini index measures the area between the Lorenz curve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality, expressed as a percentage of the maximum area under the line. Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality.

percentage

33.8%

2020

0.0%

-

Unemployment

Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.

percentage of total labor force

3.9%

2024

4.4%

2021

6.2%

2021

Inactive Youth

The share of youth not in education, employment or training (also known as “the NEET rate”) conveys the number of young persons not in education, employment or training as a percentage of the total youth population. Youth not in education are those who were neither enrolled in school nor in a formal training program (e.g. vocational training). For the purposes of this indicator, youth is defined as all persons between the ages of 15 and 24 (inclusive).


percentage of youth population

8.5%

2024

15.4%

2000

-

Education and Literacy

Australia

Region

World

Education Spending

General government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers) is expressed as a percentage of GDP. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. General government usually refers to local, regional and central governments.


percentage of GDP

5.1%

2022

3.5%

2023

3.5%

2023

Adult Literacy Rate

Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.


percentage of people ages 15 and above

-

3.5%

2023

87.7%

2024

Female Adult Literacy

Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.


percentage of females ages 15 and above

-

95.3%

2024

84.6%

2024

Male Adult Literacy

Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.


percentage of males ages 15 and above

-

97.9%

2024

90.9%

2024

Female Youth Literacy

Youth literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15-24 who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.


percentage of females ages 15-24

-

99.2%

2024

92.0%

2024

Male Youth Literacy

Youth literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15-24 who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.


percentage of males ages 15-24

-

99.0%

2024

94.1%

2024

Research and Innovation

Australia

Region

World

Research Spending

Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D), expressed as a percent of GDP. They include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.


percentage of GDP

1.9%

2021

2.8%

2022

2.7%

2022

Researchers

The number of researchers engaged in Research &Development (R&D), expressed as per million. Researchers are professionals who conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories, models techniques instrumentation, software of operational methods. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.


per million people

4,569

2010

2,304.4

2022

1,516

2018

Scientific Articles

Article counts refer to publications from a selection of conference proceedings and peer-reviewed journals from Scopus in science and engineering fields, according to the National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Taxonomy of Disciplines.


fractional count

62,305

2022

1,294,313.1

2022

3,338,192

2022

National Library Associations

Australian Library and Information Association (ALIA)

Australian Library and Information Association (ALIA) seeks to empower the profession through the development, promotion and delivery of quality library and information services to the nation, through leadership, advocacy and mutual professional support. ALIA is guided by its constitution, vision, objects and values. Founded in 1937, it is located at ALIA House in Canberra, the capital of Australia. ALIA has 5000 Members, 7 Board Directors, 11 Advisory Committees, 40-plus interest Groups and 25 staff. ALIA accredits courses leading to professional qualifications; advocates for the sector; publishes a magazine and journal; and runs major national conferences, smaller events, training courses and PD.

National and State Libraries Australasia

National and State Libraries Australasia (NSLA) brings together the expert knowledge and innovative capacity of the National Library of Australia, the National Library of New Zealand, and Australia’s eight state and territory libraries. Through collaboration, NSLA delivers better collections, solutions and customer experiences than each library can do individually. NSLA also contributes to more informed public policy, and shares knowledge and expertise to increase the professional capability of  staff and to build a workforce for the future. There are nine Australian members.

Council of Australian University Librarians

CAUL is the peak leadership organisation for university libraries in Australia.  Members are the lead library executive of the institutions that have representation on Universities Australia. Society is transformed through the power of research, teaching and learning.  University libraries are essential knowledge and information infrastructures that enable student achievement and research excellence.  CAUL makes a significant contribution to higher education strategy, policy and outcomes through a commitment to a shared purpose: to transform how people experience knowledge – how it can be discovered, used and shared. There are 39 members.

Australian School Library Association (ASLA)

ASLA is the national authority, the peak forum in the field of teacher librarianship and school library resource services. Its aim is to maximise opportunities for students to obtain independent lifelong learning and decision making skills. ASLA engages in development of national standards and policies for school libraries and the teacher librarianship profession, engages in advocacy and promotion projects and activities on behalf of school libraries, conducts professional learning events, and research in the field of school libraries.

National Library of Australia

The Library’s role, as defined by the National Library of Australia Act 1960, is to ensure that documentary resources of national significance relating to Australia and the Australian people, as well as significant non-Australian library materials, are collected, preserved and made accessible either through the Library itself or through collaborative arrangements with other libraries and information providers. By offering a strong national focus in all that we do, and cooperating with others who share our goals, we support learning, creative and intellectual endeavour, and contribute to the continuing vitality of Australia’s diverse culture and heritage.

Australian Government. Department of Communications and the Arts

The Department is responsible for the National Library of Australia and other national institutions. It also has responsibility for copyright law.

There are no library support organisations in Australia.

National Policy for Libraries

There is no information available.

National Library of Australia Act 1960

This law covers the operation of the National Library of Australia. It was last amended in 2016.

Professional Qualification Requirements

There is no information available.

Education

In 2017, there were 26 universities, TAFEs (technical and further education colleges) and private training providers delivering 39 ALIA accredited courses around Australia.

There were 4,877 students enrolled in Library and Information Science (LIS) courses in 2015 — down from 5,144 students in 2014 — with 41% in higher education and 59% in vocational education and training. Of these 4,877 students, 3,588 were enrolled in ALIA accredited courses leading to professional membership of the Association. The most popular qualifications were the Master’s degree in higher education and the Diploma in the VET sector.

Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association

The Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association is the flagship journal of ALIA. It is a quarterly publication for information science researchers, information professionals, related disciplines and industries. The Journal aims to stimulate discussion and inform practice by showcasing original peer reviewed research articles and other scholarly papers about, or relevant to, the Australian and Southern Asia Pacific regions. Authors from the full range of information professions and areas of scholarship are invited to contribute their work to the Journal, which is published on ALIA’s behalf by Taylor and Francis through the Routledge imprint.

Library and Information Week

Library and Information Week is an annual campaign run by ALIA, promoting libraries and the work of library and information professionals. It takes place at the end of May. AT 11am, on the Wednesday of the week, we hold National Simultaneous Storytime, with one children’s picture book chosen for a nationwide reading event. In 2018, there were more than 1 million participants in Australia and New Zealand.

ALIA Information Online

ALIA Information Online Conference is the biggest event in an information professional’s calendar. The conference has been held since 1990 and attracts in the region of 1000 influential professionals from all sectors of the library industry. The conference program has a multi-sector focus and provides a unique opportunity for organisations to promote and showcase their products and services to a targeted and influential delegate group. Information Online gives access to key library and information service professionals from Australia, New Zealand, Asia Pacific, and beyond.This conference takes place every two years (next in 2019), in February, in Sydney.

ALIA National Conference

ALIA National Conference provides the platform as a meeting point for all library and information professionals, from all sectors and all areas of Australia and the international community. It takes place every two years (next in 2020), around mid-year. It moves from city to city. In 2018, the National Conference was replaced by the Asia-Pacific Library and Information Conference, on Queensland’s Gold Coast, in partnership with LIANZA and the Library Association of Singapore.