Libraries in United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Libraries play a central role in the creative and cultural life of the UK. Library and information services can be found in most parts of the economy and society, from local public libraries to corporate and governmental information services. Libraries are widely recognised for their educational value, their contribution to research and ideas, and increasingly their role in supporting digital and information skills.
Governance and regulation of libraries and information services varies significantly between the four Nations of the United Kingdom – England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. In England, the sector is highly decentralised with very little central Government support or control. There is a greater degree of regulation in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, which also maintain policy frameworks for libraries which include standards and funding programmes.
The ‘standard’ typology of library and information services in the UK includes:
Our national libraries, which include the British Library, the National Library of Wales and the National Library of Scotland, are regulated directly by the Government in their jurisdiction. There are five ‘legal deposit’ libraries in the UK:
In keeping with the decentralised nature of UK library provision, funding is also decentralised. Most funding is sourced from a ‘parent’ institution. In the case of public libraries, this is a Local Authority or Council. In the case of health libraries, it is the National Health Service (NHS). In University libraries, it is the University and so on.
The Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals (CILIP) operates as the UK’s Library Association under Royal Charter from HM Queen. Their 5-year strategy identifies four strategic contexts that are set to shape the UK’s library and information sectors between now and 2026:
These goals are shared with a range of sector-specific organisations and funders, of which the main ones are the Arts Council England, Local Government Association, Libraries Connected (public libraries), School Library Association (schools), SCONUL (University libraries) and Research Libraries UK. Libraries are also supported by a range of Charities and organisations that focus on literacy, reading and education.
Key achievements include:
Publicly funded libraries, particularly local public libraries, have experienced very significant funding reductions as part of a policy agenda to reduce state intervention in local services. This has seen a reduction in service points of approx. 15% since 2009.
Library data
Contextual data
Population
Population Growth
Proportion of Population Younger than 15
Proportion of Population Older than 64
Population Density
people per sq km
Population Growth
Access to Electricity
Internet Users
Female Internet Users
Male Internet Users
GDP per capita
Poverty Rate
2011 PPP
Inequality
2011 PPP
Unemployment
Inactive Youth
2011 PPP
Education Spending
% of GDP
Adult Literacy Rate
% of people age 15+
Female Adult Literacy
% of GDP
Male Adult Literacy
% of people age 15+
Female Youth Literacy
% of GDP
Male Youth Literacy
% of people age 15+
Research Spending
% of GDP
Researchers
% of GDP
Research Spending
% of GDP
Library data
|
Library type |
Total |
National |
Academic |
Public |
Community |
School |
Other |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Libraries (Service Points)
11,195
Library service point is a fixed or mobile facility through which library provides a service to its users. Central libraries, branch libraries, mobile libraries, and external service points located in different geographical locations and managed by one administrative unit are all each individual service points. Number of libraries is the total number of central/main libraries, branch libraries, external service points and mobile libraries. |
11,195 2018 |
3 2017 |
523 2016 |
3,889 2018 |
854 2018 |
5,926 2018 |
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Main Libraries
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Central/main library is usually part or those parts of an administrative unit where the main administrative functions and the important parts of the library collection and services are located. An administrative unit comprising several branch libraries does not necessarily include a central library. |
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Branch Libraries
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Branch library is a part of a larger administrative unit providing, in separate quarters, a service for a particular user group (e.g. children, faculties) or for a locally defined clientele. Institute, departmental and other affiliated libraries are included. Mobile libraries and external service points are excluded. |
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External Service Points
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External service point is a point away from library premises at which a certain service is regularly offered to users. This includes places within a locality at which library material is deposited for informal circulation to a restricted group of users but without other library services, for example, old people’s homes, community centres, collections for hospital patients. Mobile libraries and their stops are not counted as external service points. |
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Mobile Libraries
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Mobile library is a library, sometimes a division of a public library, using transport means to provide documents and services directly to users as an alternative to access on library premises. |
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Libraries (Administrative Units)
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Administrative unit is any independent library, or group of libraries, under a single directorate or a single administration. The term “independent” does not imply legal or financial independence but only that the library is a recognisably separate unit, typically within a larger organisation. The administrative unit can be a single library or a larger organisation, typically containing a central/main library, branch libraries and administrative functions. |
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Libraries with Internet Access
3,847
Libraries (Service Points) that provides internet access from at least one workstation available to the public regardless of whether access is free, and/or provides a wireless network allowing users to connect to the Internet. |
3,847 2018 |
3 2017 |
523 2016 |
3,321 2018 |
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Full-Time Staff
65,861
Full-time equivalent (FTE) staff are all library employees who work for the library in return for payment. It includes professional staff, qualified staff, project staff and assistants. Other staff (library employees who work in security and on domestic duties, for example, cleaners, porters, caretakers and catering staff) and volunteers are excluded. |
65,861 2018 |
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13,162 2015 |
16,194 2018 |
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8,000 2015 |
28,505 2015 |
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Volunteers
48,025
Volunteer is a person working on library tasks without payment. In counting volunteers, the concept of headcount is used. |
48,025 2019 |
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48,025 2019 |
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Registered Users
8.2 M
Registered user is a person or organisation registered with a library in order to use its collection and/or services within or away from the library. Users may be registered upon their request or automatically when enrolling in the institutions. |
8,158,353 2018 |
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8,158,353 2018 |
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Physical Visits
244 M
Physical visit is a person (individual) entering the library premises. |
243,979,405 2018 |
560,219 2017 |
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243,419,186 2018 |
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Physical Loans
196.1 M
Physical loan is a direct lending or delivery transaction of an item in physical form. Physical loans include loans of items in non-electronic form (e.g. books) and loans electronic documents on a physical carrier (e.g. CD-ROM). |
196,070,108 2018 |
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196,070,108 2018 |
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eBook Loans
6.8 M
eBook is a non-serial digital document, licenced or not, where searchable text is prevalent, and similar to a print book (monograph). eBooks can be lent to users either on portable devices (eBook readers) or by transmitting the contents to the user’s PC or other device for a limited time period. |
6,754,394 2018 |
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6,754,394 2018 |
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Audio Book Loans
5.2 M
Audio book (or talking book) is a sound recording of readings of a book, magazine, or newspaper, usually designed for use by visually impaired people. Audio books can be lent to users either on a physical carrier or other device, or by transmitting the content to the user’s PC or other device for a limited time period. |
5,169,033 2018 |
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5,169,033 2018 |
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Downloads
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Download is a content unit that is successfully requested from a library-provided online service or other internet service (e.g. database, electronic serial or digital document). |
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Contextual data
|
Population |
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
Region |
World |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Population Total population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship. The values shown are midyear estimates. |
69,226,000 2024 |
928,263,208 2024 |
8,141,808,945 2024 |
|
Proportion of Population Younger than 15 Age dependency ratio, young, is the ratio of younger dependents--people younger than 15--to the working-age population--those ages 15-64. Data are shown as the proportion of dependents per 100 working-age population. |
27.1% 2024 |
27.0% 2024 |
38.0% 2024 |
|
Proportion of Population Older than 64 Age dependency ratio, old, is the ratio of older dependents--people older than 64--to the working-age population--those ages 15-64. Data are shown as the proportion of dependents per 100 working-age population. |
30.8% 2024 |
28.1% 2024 |
15.7% 2024 |
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Population Growth Annual population growth rate for year t is the exponential rate of growth of midyear population from year t-1 to t, expressed as a percentage. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship. |
1.1% 2024 |
0 2024 |
1.0% 2024 |
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Population Density Population density is midyear population divided by land area in square kilometers. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin. Land area is a country's total area, excluding area under inland water bodies, national claims to continental shelf, and exclusive economic zones. In most cases the definition of inland water bodies includes major rivers and lakes. |
283.1% 2023 |
33.7% 2022 |
61.6% 2022 |
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Urban Population Urban population refers to people living in urban areas as defined by national statistical offices. The data are collected and smoothed by United Nations Population Division. |
83.2% 2024 |
74.0% 2024 |
57.6% 2024 |
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Information Infrastructure |
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
Region |
World |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Internet Users Internet users are individuals who have used the Internet (from any location) in the last 3 months. The Internet can be used via a computer, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, games machine, digital TV etc. |
96.3% 2023 |
90.9% 2024 |
71.2% 2024 |
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Female Internet Users This indicator refers to female individuals who have used the Internet (from any location) in the last 3 months. The Internet can be used via a computer, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, games machine, digital TV etc. |
94.4% 2020 |
90.0% 2024 |
68.2% 2024 |
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Male Internet Users This indicator refers to male individuals who have used the Internet (from any location) in the last 3 months. The Internet can be used via a computer, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, games machine, digital TV etc. |
- |
90.0% |
- |
|
Access to Electricity Access to electricity is the percentage of population with access to electricity. Electrification data are collected from industry, national surveys and international sources. |
100.0% 2023 |
100.0% 2023 |
91.6% 2023 |
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Economy, Poverty, and Employment |
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
Region |
World |
|---|---|---|---|
|
GDP per Capita This indicator provides values for gross domestic product (GDP) expressed in current international dollars, converted by purchasing power parities (PPPs). PPPs account for the different price levels across countries and thus PPP-based comparisons of economic output are more appropriate for comparing the output of economies and the average material well-being of their inhabitants than exchange-rate based comparisons. Gross domestic product is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. This series has been linked to produce a consistent time series to counteract breaks in series over time due to changes in base years, source data and methodologies. Thus, it may not be comparable with other national accounts series in the database for historical years. The core indicator has been divided by the general population to achieve a per capita estimate. This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. The PPP conversion factor is a currency conversion factor and a spatial price deflator. PPPs convert different currencies to a common currency and, in the process of conversion, equalize their purchasing power by eliminating the differences in price levels between countries, thereby allowing volume or output comparisons of GDP and its expenditure components. |
60,620 2024 |
51,720.6 2024 |
24,405 2024 |
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Poverty Rate Poverty headcount ratio at $3.00 a day is the percentage of the population living on less than $3.00 a day at 2021 purchasing power adjusted prices. As a result of revisions in PPP exchange rates, poverty rates for individual countries cannot be compared with poverty rates reported in earlier editions. |
0.5% 2021 |
0.5% 2024 |
10.3% 2024 |
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Inequality Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases, consumption expenditure) among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of total income received against the cumulative number of recipients, starting with the poorest individual or household. The Gini index measures the area between the Lorenz curve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality, expressed as a percentage of the maximum area under the line. Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality. |
32.4% 2021 |
0.0% |
- |
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Unemployment Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country. |
4.4% 2024 |
5.3% 2024 |
6.2% 2021 |
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Inactive Youth The share of youth not in education, employment or training (also known as “the NEET rate”) conveys the number of young persons not in education, employment or training as a percentage of the total youth population. Youth not in education are those who were neither enrolled in school nor in a formal training program (e.g. vocational training). For the purposes of this indicator, youth is defined as all persons between the ages of 15 and 24 (inclusive). percentage of youth population |
14.3% 2024 |
11.7% 2024 |
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Education and Literacy |
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
Region |
World |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Education Spending General government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers) is expressed as a percentage of GDP. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. General government usually refers to local, regional and central governments. percentage of GDP |
5.9% 2021 |
4.6% 2022 |
3.5% 2023 |
|
Adult Literacy Rate Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life. percentage of people ages 15 and above |
- |
4.6% 2022 |
87.7% 2024 |
|
Female Adult Literacy Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life. percentage of females ages 15 and above |
- |
98.5% 2024 |
84.6% 2024 |
|
Male Adult Literacy Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life. percentage of males ages 15 and above |
- |
99.1% 2023 |
90.9% 2024 |
|
Female Youth Literacy Youth literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15-24 who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life. percentage of females ages 15-24 |
- |
99.8% 2023 |
92.0% 2024 |
|
Male Youth Literacy Youth literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15-24 who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life. percentage of males ages 15-24 |
- |
99.8% 2023 |
94.1% 2024 |
|
Research and Innovation |
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
Region |
World |
|---|---|---|---|
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Research Spending Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D), expressed as a percent of GDP. They include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development. percentage of GDP |
2.9% 2021 |
2.0% 2022 |
2.7% 2022 |
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Researchers The number of researchers engaged in Research &Development (R&D), expressed as per million. Researchers are professionals who conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories, models techniques instrumentation, software of operational methods. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development. per million people |
4,473 2017 |
3,466.1 2022 |
1,516 2018 |
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Scientific Articles Article counts refer to publications from a selection of conference proceedings and peer-reviewed journals from Scopus in science and engineering fields, according to the National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Taxonomy of Disciplines. fractional count |
105,584 2022 |
913,901.4 2022 |
3,338,192 2022 |
National Library Associations
CILIP is the UK’s library and information association. Their purpose is to “unite, support and empower information professionals in all sectors”. Their work is defined around four ‘strategic’ contexts (Environmental Sustainability, Digital Transformation, Equity and Social Justice and Leadership) and their strategic plan ‘We Are CILIP’ sets out 4 key roles:
CILIP has around 10,000 members from nearly 20 sectors, with the majority coming from University and Health libraries.
The School Library Association is an independent association which works to ensure that every school in England has access to a dedicated (or shared) library space, for the benefit of children and young people.
National Library
The British Library’s strategy, ‘Living Knowledge’ sets out their ambition to “make our intellectual heritage accessible to everyone, for research, inspiration and enjoyment.” Under this strategy, the British Library has become much more proactive in engaging and building partnerships with the library and information field. Specifically, they have established the ‘Living Knowledge Network’ – a UK-wide partnership programme with public libraries which has seen them sharing content, exhibitions, programming and promotional activities. The British Library also leads the development of the network of ‘Business and IP Centres’ in libraries across the UK, providing access to business advice through public libraries.
The National Library of Wales’ strategic plan sets out their mission to “collect, preserve and give access to all kinds and forms of recorded knowledge, especially relating to Wales and the Welsh and other Celtic peoples, for the benefit of the public, including those engaged in research and learning.”. The library works with the Welsh Government to provide support for libraries across Wales, including through the promotion and development of digital initiatives like The Peoples Collection Wales.
The National Library of Scotland’s strategy, “Reaching People” sets out their mission to “enhance Scotland’s international reputation by making a significant and lasting contribution to global knowledge and the memory of the world.” The library fulfils this mission through a wide range of services including access to collections, digital development, preservation and support for learning, research and discovery. NLS provides leadership and support for the wider library community in Scotland.
Policy Making Institutions
DCMS holds the ‘policy’ mandate for libraries and is responsible for ‘super-intendence’ (regulation and oversight) under the 1964 Public Libraries and Museums Act. In practical terms, this involves liaison with Local Government and library services to promote improvements, to maintain provision and to ensure alignment with other central Government priorities. Recently, DCMS Libraries Team has shifted into a ‘proactive’ mode whereby they engage with local Authorities before any changes to services are implemented.
DLUHC is responsible for the oversight and regulation of the work of Local Government, which is the primary funder of publicly funded library services in England. They do not have a specific mandate for library policy but are responsible for ensuring that libraries are included in policy initiatives (often referred to as a ‘Libraries First’ policy).
MALD is responsible for setting policy, overseeing library standards, promoting service improvement and directing funding to library and information services in Wales, as well as for engagement with the National Library of Wales.
The Scottish Library and Information Council (SLIC) is the independent advisory body to the Scottish Government on matters relating to libraries and information services. Although not a Government agency, SLIC effectively defines and influences policy, strategy and investment decisions for the sector in Scotland.
Library Support Organisations
Arts Council England is the sector development organisation for the arts, culture and libraries in England. They are the primary source of project and programme funding and grants to libraries. ACE maintains a network of Regional Relationship Managers for libraries who provide information, guidance and support as well as promoting networking and partnerships.
Libraries Connected is the Arts Council-funded Sector Support Organisation for public libraries across the UK (with a central organisation in England and national committees in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland). Libraries Connected run a wide range of programmes and initiatives designed to strengthen public library service delivery, raise the profile of libraries and secure engagement and investment from key stakeholders.
SCONUL is a membership organisation for National, College and University Libraries. They support a range of programmes with a focus on securing long-term access to digital content, promoting diversity in the library sector and strengthening the impact and visibility of their member libraries.
RLUK represent the UK community of academic and research libraries, with a particular emphasis on academic liaison, advocacy, representation and skills development as well as securing equitable access to e-content for their member libraries.
National Policy for Libraries
The outcome of a Government-commissioned Taskforce, ‘Libraries Deliver’ aimed to align public library services to other policy priorities with a particular focus on education, health and digital inclusion.
A refresh and update of an earlier Library Strategy, ‘Connected and Ambitious’ sets a new ambition for public libraries as a key part of delivering on Welsh Government agendas, with a specific emphasis on social justice, inclusion and equality of opportunity.
Developed in consultation with the sector by the Scottish Library and Information Council (SLIC) on behalf of the Scottish Government, this strategic plan identifies 3 key themes for sector development: People, Place and Partnerships.
Library Law
The Public Libraries and Museums Act addresses the provision of public library services in England. It creates an obligation on Local Government to provide ‘comprehensive and efficient’ library services, although it stops short of defining these. It also provides central Government (through DCMS) with powers to oversee (‘super-intend’) library services. The law was last amended in 2015, although it should be noted that during the pandemic, there were also a number of emergency legal instruments that also impacted on libraries.
Legal Deposit Law
The law creates a ‘duty to deposit’ on behalf of publishers, who must lodge copies of published works with the 5 Legal Deposit libraries in the UK (which includes the British Library, which is governed under its own specific legislation). The Act replaces the previous provision for Legal Deposit, which was covered by the Copyright Act as amended in 1911. It covers print and non-print materials including electronic media and copies of websites and provides limited exceptions to Copyright restrictions in respect of publishing material and making it available for research on and off-site.
Copyright Law & Library Exceptions and Limitations
There are specific exceptions to enable library and archive activities including preservation and copying for the purposes of research and private study. There is a Public Lending Right in the UK.
Professional Qualification Requirements
Librarianship in the UK is a recognised profession governed by what is known as a ‘voluntary regulatory framework’, which is overseen by CILIP as the Chartered Institute. Technically, anyone can apply for and get a job as a librarian or library worker, so it is not a requirement of employment to have a professional qualification or certification. However, progression in most sectors does depend on some form of professional certification. CILIP maintains a Register of Practitioners and offers three ‘levels’ of professional recognition – Chartership, Certification and Fellowship. They also support three ‘routes’ into professional practice – apprenticeship, qualifications and on-the-job learning and CPD.
Education
The UK is home to 15 providers of Library and Information Science training and education, which are accredited by CILIP against an agreed set of quality standards and guidelines. A full list of these accredited courses is available via the link below, but examples include City University of London, University College London, Colleg Llandrillo (Wales), University of Glasgow and Ulster University. Generally, LIS instruction in the UK is post-graduate (although some under-graduate training is also available) and offered via a combination of campus-based and distance learning. An increasing proportion of LIS students are from outside the UK.
Professional Publications
Information Professional is produced by CILIP. There are 8 issues a year and subscribers can also access the content archive via an app. The magazine covers the length and breadth of the library and information sector, with a combination of news, editorial, analysis and special features.
Produced by the School Library Association, the School Librarian magazine offers a mix of insight, analysis, news and expert advice for people working in schools and colleges.
Professional Events
Libraries Week takes place every year in the first week of October. Each year, a different theme is chosen (recent examples include Libraries for Lifelong Learning, Libraries for Health, Libraries for Digital Inclusion) and libraries in all sectors are invited to organise public-facing events and activities. These are usually accompanied by engagement with policymakers to promote the value of libraries.
The UK’s largest event for librarians and information professionals. CILIP conference and expo takes place in July each year and provides a combination of keynotes, practical workshops, panel sessions and debates along with networking activities and a social evening. The audience is drawn from across all sectors and features information professionals of different seniorities coming together to discuss topics of mutual interest.
An annual event in February focused on developments in UK and international copyright law and practice, organised in conjunction with specialist consultancy Naomi Korn ltd.
An annual event for people working in Academic and Research Libraries, offering a combination of keynotes, workshops, plenary sessions and panel debates.
An annual gathering of public library leaders organised by Libraries Connected with a varied agenda which includes presentations, talks, networking and collaborative workshops.
Library Location Resources
No information available
Contributors