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About United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Region: Europe

Area: 243,610 km²

Population: 69,226,000

Libraries (Service Points): 11,195

Libraries in United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Last update: March 2022

Libraries play a central role in the creative and cultural life of the UK. Library and information services can be found in most parts of the economy and society, from local public libraries to corporate and governmental information services. Libraries are widely recognised for their educational value, their contribution to research and ideas, and increasingly their role in supporting digital and information skills.

Governance and regulation of libraries and information services varies significantly between the four Nations of the United Kingdom – England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. In England, the sector is highly decentralised with very little central Government support or control. There is a greater degree of regulation in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, which also maintain policy frameworks for libraries which include standards and funding programmes.

The ‘standard’ typology of library and information services in the UK includes:

  • Public libraries
  • School, college, and university libraries
  • Health libraries
  • Prison libraries
  • Government library and information services
  • Corporate, legal and scientific libraries
  • National libraries

Our national libraries, which include the British Library, the National Library of Wales and the National Library of Scotland, are regulated directly by the Government in their jurisdiction. There are five ‘legal deposit’ libraries in the UK:

  • The British Library, London
  • National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh
  • Bodleian Library, Oxford
  • Cambridge University Library
  • National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth

In keeping with the decentralised nature of UK library provision, funding is also decentralised. Most funding is sourced from a ‘parent’ institution. In the case of public libraries, this is a Local Authority or Council. In the case of health libraries, it is the National Health Service (NHS). In University libraries, it is the University and so on.

The Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals (CILIP) operates as the UK’s Library Association under Royal Charter from HM Queen. Their 5-year strategy identifies four strategic contexts that are set to shape the UK’s library and information sectors between now and 2026:

  • Environmental sustainability
  • Digital transformation
  • Equity and social justice
  • Leadership at all levels of the profession

These goals are shared with a range of sector-specific organisations and funders, of which the main ones are the Arts Council England, Local Government Association, Libraries Connected (public libraries), School Library Association (schools), SCONUL (University libraries) and Research Libraries UK. Libraries are also supported by a range of Charities and organisations that focus on literacy, reading and education.

Key achievements include:

  • Supporting the transition to digital engagement during the COVID-19 pandemic
  • Introducing universal Wi-Fi and ‘bring your own device’ IT support in libraries
  • Securing involvement in key Government policies on social inclusion and mobility
  • Securing new investment from the UK’s ‘Culture Recovery Fund’ via a new Library Improvement Fund

Publicly funded libraries, particularly local public libraries, have experienced very significant funding reductions as part of a policy agenda to reduce state intervention in local services. This has seen a reduction in service points of approx. 15% since 2009.

Library data

Libraries (Service Points) 11,195
Main Libraries
Branch Libraries
External Service Points
Mobile Libraries
Libraries (Administrative Units)
Libraries with Internet Access 3,847
Full-Time Staff 65,861
Volunteers 48,025
Registered Users 8.2 M
Physical Visits 244 M
Physical Loans 196.1 M
eBook Loans 6.8 M
Audio Book Loans 5.2 M
Downloads

Contextual data

Population and Geography
69,226,000

Population

No Data Available

Population Growth

27.1%

Proportion of Population Younger than 15

30.8%

Proportion of Population Older than 64

283.1

Population Density
people per sq km

83.2%

Population Growth

Information and Infrastructure
100.0%

Access to Electricity

96.3%

Internet Users

94.4%

Female Internet Users

No Data Available

Male Internet Users

Poverty and Employment
60,620.4%

GDP per capita

0.5%

Poverty Rate
2011 PPP

32.4%

Inequality
2011 PPP

4.4%

Unemployment

14.3%

Inactive Youth
2011 PPP

Education and Literacy
5.9%

Education Spending
% of GDP

No Data Available

Adult Literacy Rate
% of people age 15+

No Data Available

Female Adult Literacy
% of GDP

No Data Available

Male Adult Literacy
% of people age 15+

No Data Available

Female Youth Literacy
% of GDP

No Data Available

Male Youth Literacy
% of people age 15+

Innovation and Skills
2.9%

Research Spending
% of GDP

3

Researchers
% of GDP

105,584

Research Spending
% of GDP

Library data

Library type

Total

National

Academic

Public

Community

School

Other

Libraries (Service Points)

Library service point is a fixed or mobile facility through which library provides a service to its users. Central libraries, branch libraries, mobile libraries, and external service points located in different geographical locations and managed by one administrative unit are all each individual service points. Number of libraries is the total number of central/main libraries, branch libraries, external service points and mobile libraries.

11,195

11,195

2018

3

2017

523

2016

3,889

2018

854

2018

5,926

2018

Main Libraries

Central/main library is usually part or those parts of an administrative unit where the main administrative functions and the important parts of the library collection and services are located. An administrative unit comprising several branch libraries does not necessarily include a central library.

Branch Libraries

Branch library is a part of a larger administrative unit providing, in separate quarters, a service for a particular user group (e.g. children, faculties) or for a locally defined clientele. Institute, departmental and other affiliated libraries are included. Mobile libraries and external service points are excluded.

External Service Points

External service point is a point away from library premises at which a certain service is regularly offered to users. This includes places within a locality at which library material is deposited for informal circulation to a restricted group of users but without other library services, for example, old people’s homes, community centres, collections for hospital patients. Mobile libraries and their stops are not counted as external service points.

Mobile Libraries

Mobile library is a library, sometimes a division of a public library, using transport means to provide documents and services directly to users as an alternative to access on library premises.

Libraries (Administrative Units)

Administrative unit is any independent library, or group of libraries, under a single directorate or a single administration. The term “independent” does not imply legal or financial independence but only that the library is a recognisably separate unit, typically within a larger organisation. The administrative unit can be a single library or a larger organisation, typically containing a central/main library, branch libraries and administrative functions.

Libraries with Internet Access

Libraries (Service Points) that provides internet access from at least one workstation available to the public regardless of whether access is free, and/or provides a wireless network allowing users to connect to the Internet.

3,847

3,847

2018

3

2017

523

2016

3,321

2018

Full-Time Staff

Full-time equivalent (FTE) staff are all library employees who work for the library in return for payment. It includes professional staff, qualified staff, project staff and assistants. Other staff (library employees who work in security and on domestic duties, for example, cleaners, porters, caretakers and catering staff) and volunteers are excluded.

65,861

65,861

2018

13,162

2015

16,194

2018

8,000

2015

28,505

2015
Volunteers

Volunteer is a person working on library tasks without payment. In counting volunteers, the concept of headcount is used.

48,025

48,025

2019

48,025

2019

Registered Users

Registered user is a person or organisation registered with a library in order to use its collection and/or services within or away from the library. Users may be registered upon their request or automatically when enrolling in the institutions.

8.2 M

8,158,353

2018

8,158,353

2018

Physical Visits

Physical visit is a person (individual) entering the library premises.

244 M

243,979,405

2018

560,219

2017

243,419,186

2018

Physical Loans

Physical loan is a direct lending or delivery transaction of an item in physical form. Physical loans include loans of items in non-electronic form (e.g. books) and loans electronic documents on a physical carrier (e.g. CD-ROM).

196.1 M

196,070,108

2018

196,070,108

2018

eBook Loans

eBook is a non-serial digital document, licenced or not, where searchable text is prevalent, and similar to a print book (monograph). eBooks can be lent to users either on portable devices (eBook readers) or by transmitting the contents to the user’s PC or other device for a limited time period.

6.8 M

6,754,394

2018

6,754,394

2018

Audio Book Loans

Audio book (or talking book) is a sound recording of readings of a book, magazine, or newspaper, usually designed for use by visually impaired people. Audio books can be lent to users either on a physical carrier or other device, or by transmitting the content to the user’s PC or other device for a limited time period.

5.2 M

5,169,033

2018

5,169,033

2018

Downloads

Download is a content unit that is successfully requested from a library-provided online service or other internet service (e.g. database, electronic serial or digital document).

Population

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Region

World

Population

Total population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship. The values shown are midyear estimates.

total

69,226,000

2024

928,263,208

2024

8,141,808,945

2024

Proportion of Population Younger than 15

Age dependency ratio, young, is the ratio of younger dependents--people younger than 15--to the working-age population--those ages 15-64. Data are shown as the proportion of dependents per 100 working-age population.

percentage of working-age population

27.1%

2024

27.0%

2024

38.0%

2024

Proportion of Population Older than 64

Age dependency ratio, old, is the ratio of older dependents--people older than 64--to the working-age population--those ages 15-64. Data are shown as the proportion of dependents per 100 working-age population.

precentage of working-age population

30.8%

2024

28.1%

2024

15.7%

2024

Population Growth

Annual population growth rate for year t is the exponential rate of growth of midyear population from year t-1 to t, expressed as a percentage. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship.

annual percentage

1.1%

2024

0

2024

1.0%

2024

Population Density

Population density is midyear population divided by land area in square kilometers. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin. Land area is a country's total area, excluding area under inland water bodies, national claims to continental shelf, and exclusive economic zones. In most cases the definition of inland water bodies includes major rivers and lakes.

people persq. km of land area

283.1%

2023

33.7%

2022

61.6%

2022

Urban Population

Urban population refers to people living in urban areas as defined by national statistical offices. The data are collected and smoothed by United Nations Population Division.

percentage of total population

83.2%

2024

74.0%

2024

57.6%

2024

Information Infrastructure

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Region

World

Internet Users

Internet users are individuals who have used the Internet (from any location) in the last 3 months. The Internet can be used via a computer, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, games machine, digital TV etc.

percentage of population

96.3%

2023

90.9%

2024

71.2%

2024

Female Internet Users

This indicator refers to female individuals who have used the Internet (from any location) in the last 3 months. The Internet can be used via a computer, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, games machine, digital TV etc.

percentage of female population

94.4%

2020

90.0%

2024

68.2%

2024

Male Internet Users

This indicator refers to male individuals who have used the Internet (from any location) in the last 3 months. The Internet can be used via a computer, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, games machine, digital TV etc.

percentage of male population

-

90.0%

-

Access to Electricity

Access to electricity is the percentage of population with access to electricity. Electrification data are collected from industry, national surveys and international sources.

percentage of population

100.0%

2023

100.0%

2023

91.6%

2023

Economy, Poverty, and Employment

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Region

World

GDP per Capita

This indicator provides values for gross domestic product (GDP) expressed in current international dollars, converted by purchasing power parities (PPPs). PPPs account for the different price levels across countries and thus PPP-based comparisons of economic output are more appropriate for comparing the output of economies and the average material well-being of their inhabitants than exchange-rate based comparisons. Gross domestic product is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. This series has been linked to produce a consistent time series to counteract breaks in series over time due to changes in base years, source data and methodologies. Thus, it may not be comparable with other national accounts series in the database for historical years. The core indicator has been divided by the general population to achieve a per capita estimate. This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. The PPP conversion factor is a currency conversion factor and a spatial price deflator. PPPs convert different currencies to a common currency and, in the process of conversion, equalize their purchasing power by eliminating the differences in price levels between countries, thereby allowing volume or output comparisons of GDP and its expenditure components.

current international $

60,620

2024

51,720.6

2024

24,405

2024

Poverty Rate

Poverty headcount ratio at $3.00 a day is the percentage of the population living on less than $3.00 a day at 2021 purchasing power adjusted prices. As a result of revisions in PPP exchange rates, poverty rates for individual countries cannot be compared with poverty rates reported in earlier editions.

percentage of population

0.5%

2021

0.5%

2024

10.3%

2024

Inequality

Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases, consumption expenditure) among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of total income received against the cumulative number of recipients, starting with the poorest individual or household. The Gini index measures the area between the Lorenz curve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality, expressed as a percentage of the maximum area under the line. Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality.

percentage

32.4%

2021

0.0%

-

Unemployment

Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.

percentage of total labor force

4.4%

2024

5.3%

2024

6.2%

2021

Inactive Youth

The share of youth not in education, employment or training (also known as “the NEET rate”) conveys the number of young persons not in education, employment or training as a percentage of the total youth population. Youth not in education are those who were neither enrolled in school nor in a formal training program (e.g. vocational training). For the purposes of this indicator, youth is defined as all persons between the ages of 15 and 24 (inclusive).


percentage of youth population

14.3%

2024

11.7%

2024

-

Education and Literacy

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Region

World

Education Spending

General government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers) is expressed as a percentage of GDP. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. General government usually refers to local, regional and central governments.


percentage of GDP

5.9%

2021

4.6%

2022

3.5%

2023

Adult Literacy Rate

Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.


percentage of people ages 15 and above

-

4.6%

2022

87.7%

2024

Female Adult Literacy

Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.


percentage of females ages 15 and above

-

98.5%

2024

84.6%

2024

Male Adult Literacy

Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.


percentage of males ages 15 and above

-

99.1%

2023

90.9%

2024

Female Youth Literacy

Youth literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15-24 who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.


percentage of females ages 15-24

-

99.8%

2023

92.0%

2024

Male Youth Literacy

Youth literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15-24 who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.


percentage of males ages 15-24

-

99.8%

2023

94.1%

2024

Research and Innovation

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Region

World

Research Spending

Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D), expressed as a percent of GDP. They include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.


percentage of GDP

2.9%

2021

2.0%

2022

2.7%

2022

Researchers

The number of researchers engaged in Research &Development (R&D), expressed as per million. Researchers are professionals who conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories, models techniques instrumentation, software of operational methods. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.


per million people

4,473

2017

3,466.1

2022

1,516

2018

Scientific Articles

Article counts refer to publications from a selection of conference proceedings and peer-reviewed journals from Scopus in science and engineering fields, according to the National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Taxonomy of Disciplines.


fractional count

105,584

2022

913,901.4

2022

3,338,192

2022

National Library Associations

CILIP: The library and information association

CILIP is the UK’s library and information association. Their purpose is to “unite, support and empower information professionals in all sectors”. Their work is defined around four ‘strategic’ contexts (Environmental Sustainability, Digital Transformation, Equity and Social Justice and Leadership) and their strategic plan ‘We Are CILIP’ sets out 4 key roles:

  • Recognition (professional certification and qualifications),
  • Expertise (skills standards, training and professional development),
  • Representation (advocacy, media, political lobbying),
  • Community (networking, knowledge exchange)

CILIP has around 10,000 members from nearly 20 sectors, with the majority coming from University and Health libraries.

School Library Association (SLA)

The School Library Association is an independent association which works to ensure that every school in England has access to a dedicated (or shared) library space, for the benefit of children and young people.

The British Library

The British Library’s strategy, ‘Living Knowledge’ sets out their ambition to “make our intellectual heritage accessible to everyone, for research, inspiration and enjoyment.” Under this strategy, the British Library has become much more proactive in engaging and building partnerships with the library and information field. Specifically, they have established the ‘Living Knowledge Network’ – a UK-wide partnership programme with public libraries which has seen them sharing content, exhibitions, programming and promotional activities. The British Library also leads the development of the network of ‘Business and IP Centres’ in libraries across the UK, providing access to business advice through public libraries.

National Library of Wales / Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru

The National Library of Wales’ strategic plan sets out their mission to “collect, preserve and give access to all kinds and forms of recorded knowledge, especially relating to Wales and the Welsh and other Celtic peoples, for the benefit of the public, including those engaged in research and learning.”. The library works with the Welsh Government to provide support for libraries across Wales, including through the promotion and development of digital initiatives like The Peoples Collection Wales.

National Library of Scotland

The National Library of Scotland’s strategy, “Reaching People” sets out their mission to “enhance Scotland’s international reputation by making a significant and lasting contribution to global knowledge and the memory of the world.” The library fulfils this mission through a wide range of services including access to collections, digital development, preservation and support for learning, research and discovery. NLS provides leadership and support for the wider library community in Scotland.

Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) Libraries Team

DCMS holds the ‘policy’ mandate for libraries and is responsible for ‘super-intendence’ (regulation and oversight) under the 1964 Public Libraries and Museums Act. In practical terms, this involves liaison with Local Government and library services to promote improvements, to maintain provision and to ensure alignment with other central Government priorities. Recently, DCMS Libraries Team has shifted into a ‘proactive’ mode whereby they engage with local Authorities before any changes to services are implemented.

Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities (DLUHC)

DLUHC is responsible for the oversight and regulation of the work of Local Government, which is the primary funder of publicly funded library services in England. They do not have a specific mandate for library policy but are responsible for ensuring that libraries are included in policy initiatives (often referred to as a ‘Libraries First’ policy).

Museums, Archives & Libraries Division of the Welsh Government (MALD)

MALD is responsible for setting policy, overseeing library standards, promoting service improvement and directing funding to library and information services in Wales, as well as for engagement with the National Library of Wales.

Scottish Library and Information Council (SLIC)

The Scottish Library and Information Council (SLIC) is the independent advisory body to the Scottish Government on matters relating to libraries and information services. Although not a Government agency, SLIC effectively defines and influences policy, strategy and investment decisions for the sector in Scotland.

Arts Council England (ACE)

Arts Council England is the sector development organisation for the arts, culture and libraries in England. They are the primary source of project and programme funding and grants to libraries. ACE maintains a network of Regional Relationship Managers for libraries who provide information, guidance and support as well as promoting networking and partnerships.

Libraries Connected

Libraries Connected is the Arts Council-funded Sector Support Organisation for public libraries across the UK (with a central organisation in England and national committees in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland). Libraries Connected run a wide range of programmes and initiatives designed to strengthen public library service delivery, raise the profile of libraries and secure engagement and investment from key stakeholders.

Society of College, National and University Libraries (SCONUL)

SCONUL is a membership organisation for National, College and University Libraries. They support a range of programmes with a focus on securing long-term access to digital content, promoting diversity in the library sector and strengthening the impact and visibility of their member libraries.

Research Libraries UK (RLUK)

RLUK represent the UK community of academic and research libraries, with a particular emphasis on academic liaison, advocacy, representation and skills development as well as securing equitable access to e-content for their member libraries.

National Policy for Libraries

Libraries Deliver: Ambition for Public Libraries in England

The outcome of a Government-commissioned Taskforce, ‘Libraries Deliver’ aimed to align public library services to other policy priorities with a particular focus on education, health and digital inclusion.

Connected and Ambitious Libraries – A Library Strategy for Wales

A refresh and update of an earlier Library Strategy, ‘Connected and Ambitious’ sets a new ambition for public libraries as a key part of delivering on Welsh Government agendas, with a specific emphasis on social justice, inclusion and equality of opportunity.

Forward: Scotland’s Public Library Strategy

Developed in consultation with the sector by the Scottish Library and Information Council (SLIC) on behalf of the Scottish Government, this strategic plan identifies 3 key themes for sector development: People, Place and Partnerships.

Public Libraries and Museums Act 1964

The Public Libraries and Museums Act addresses the provision of public library services in England. It creates an obligation on Local Government to provide ‘comprehensive and efficient’ library services, although it stops short of defining these. It also provides central Government (through DCMS) with powers to oversee (‘super-intend’) library services. The law was last amended in 2015, although it should be noted that during the pandemic, there were also a number of emergency legal instruments that also impacted on libraries.

Professional Qualification Requirements

Professional Qualification Requirements

Librarianship in the UK is a recognised profession governed by what is known as a ‘voluntary regulatory framework’, which is overseen by CILIP as the Chartered Institute. Technically, anyone can apply for and get a job as a librarian or library worker, so it is not a requirement of employment to have a professional qualification or certification. However, progression in most sectors does depend on some form of professional certification. CILIP maintains a Register of Practitioners and offers three ‘levels’ of professional recognition – Chartership, Certification and Fellowship. They also support three ‘routes’ into professional practice – apprenticeship, qualifications and on-the-job learning and CPD.

Education

The UK is home to 15 providers of Library and Information Science training and education, which are accredited by CILIP against an agreed set of quality standards and guidelines. A full list of these accredited courses is available via the link below, but examples include City University of London, University College London, Colleg Llandrillo (Wales), University of Glasgow and Ulster University.   Generally, LIS instruction in the UK is post-graduate (although some under-graduate training is also available) and offered via a combination of campus-based and distance learning. An increasing proportion of LIS students are from outside the UK.

Information Professional

Information Professional is produced by CILIP. There are 8 issues a year and subscribers can also access the content archive via an app. The magazine covers the length and breadth of the library and information sector, with a combination of news, editorial, analysis and special features.

The School Librarian

Produced by the School Library Association, the School Librarian magazine offers a mix of insight, analysis, news and expert advice for people working in schools and colleges.

Libraries Week

Libraries Week takes place every year in the first week of October. Each year, a different theme is chosen (recent examples include Libraries for Lifelong Learning, Libraries for Health, Libraries for Digital Inclusion) and libraries in all sectors are invited to organise public-facing events and activities. These are usually accompanied by engagement with policymakers to promote the value of libraries.

CILIP Conference and Expo

The UK’s largest event for librarians and information professionals. CILIP conference and expo takes place in July each year and provides a combination of keynotes, practical workshops, panel sessions and debates along with networking activities and a social evening. The audience is drawn from across all sectors and features information professionals of different seniorities coming together to discuss topics of mutual interest.

CILIP Copyright Conference

An annual event in February focused on developments in UK and international copyright law and practice, organised in conjunction with specialist consultancy Naomi Korn ltd.

Research Libraries UK Conference

An annual event for people working in Academic and Research Libraries, offering a combination of keynotes, workshops, plenary sessions and panel debates.

Libraries Connected Annual Seminar

An annual gathering of public library leaders organised by Libraries Connected with a varied agenda which includes presentations, talks, networking and collaborative workshops.

Library Location Resources

No information available