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About Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe

Region: Sub-Saharan Africa

Area: 390,760 km²

Population: 16,634,373

Libraries (Service Points): 16,884

Libraries in Zimbabwe

Last update: February 2026

The library system in Zimbabwe is largely centralized and is still developing:

  • The country has the National Library and Documentation Services (NLDS), which performs functions of the national library in preserving the cultural heritage. The NLDS is currently a department under the Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education.
  • Public libraries and various community libraries as local centres of information are making all kinds of knowledge and information readily available to users. There are also special libraries in different institutions and organisations.
  • There are academic libraries in fifteen state and private universities and other higher education institutions such as teacher training colleges and polytechnics. School libraries exist in a relatively small number; they are found in both public, private, independent trust primary and secondary schools.
  • A few information centres/kiosks have also been established in districts and more are set to be spread over the 55 districts around the country as local information centres aimed at bridging the digital divide.

Libraries in Zimbabwe fall under several ministries, local government and the private sector. For harmonisation of resources and services, the Zimbabwe Library Association (ZimLA) in conjunction with the Government of the Republic of Zimbabwe is currently working in putting in place a national library policy and legislative framework to coordinate the existing Library and Information Systems in Zimbabwe.

The proposed policy aims at:

  • Strengthening and coordinating existing resources and systems at all levels;
  • Providing literacy and reading culture promotion programs;
  • Planning, developing and implementing a network of library and information services;
  • Providing professional manpower to facilitate library, information and documentation services;
  • Availing basic minimum professional library and information services;
  • Providing a framework for public-private partnerships in service development and delivery;
  • Putting in place mechanisms to develop a vibrant local publishing industry and ensure the preservation of intellectual and cultural heritage of the nation.

ZimLA is the only professional association that represents the interests of library and information professionals in Zimbabwe. It promotes and upholds professional development and standards among library and information sector for the provision of quality and dynamic services to benefit the citizens of Zimbabwe.

Currently, ZimLA is working with its members in:

  • Activities leading to the full revival of the association;
  • Advocating in government ministries to support the development of the National Library Policy of Zimbabwe Draft;
  • Advocating for the adoption of the National Library Council Bill;
  • Development of a Memorandum of Understanding with each library school and is at an advanced stage of securing an MOU with a mobile telecom company/subsidiary;
  • Creation of the Zimbabwe Library Association Directory (ZLAD);
  • Engagement with government on the improvement of the welfare of librarians and the need for a national information policy;
  • Active engagement with members of the association through social media, conferences and workshops.

Library data (Totals)

Library type

Total

National

Academic

Public

Community

School

Other

Libraries (Service Points)

Library service point is a fixed or mobile facility through which library provides a service to its users. Central libraries, branch libraries, mobile libraries, and external service points located in different geographical locations and managed by one administrative unit are all each individual service points. Number of libraries is the total number of central/main libraries, branch libraries, external service points and mobile libraries.

16,884

16,884

2018

1

2018

90

2016

10

2018

16,783

2017

Main Libraries

Central/main library is usually part or those parts of an administrative unit where the main administrative functions and the important parts of the library collection and services are located. An administrative unit comprising several branch libraries does not necessarily include a central library.

31

31

2018

1

2018

20

2016

10

2018

Branch Libraries

Branch library is a part of a larger administrative unit providing, in separate quarters, a service for a particular user group (e.g. children, faculties) or for a locally defined clientele. Institute, departmental and other affiliated libraries are included. Mobile libraries and external service points are excluded.

70

70

2016

70

2016

External Service Points

External service point is a point away from library premises at which a certain service is regularly offered to users. This includes places within a locality at which library material is deposited for informal circulation to a restricted group of users but without other library services, for example, old people’s homes, community centres, collections for hospital patients. Mobile libraries and their stops are not counted as external service points.

Mobile Libraries

Mobile library is a library, sometimes a division of a public library, using transport means to provide documents and services directly to users as an alternative to access on library premises.

Libraries (Administrative Units)

Administrative unit is any independent library, or group of libraries, under a single directorate or a single administration. The term “independent” does not imply legal or financial independence but only that the library is a recognisably separate unit, typically within a larger organisation. The administrative unit can be a single library or a larger organisation, typically containing a central/main library, branch libraries and administrative functions.

16,814

16,814

2018

1

2018

20

2016

10

2018

16,783

2017

Libraries with Internet Access

Libraries (Service Points) that provides internet access from at least one workstation available to the public regardless of whether access is free, and/or provides a wireless network allowing users to connect to the Internet.

16,783

16,783

2017

16,783

2017

Full-Time Staff

Full-time equivalent (FTE) staff are all library employees who work for the library in return for payment. It includes professional staff, qualified staff, project staff and assistants. Other staff (library employees who work in security and on domestic duties, for example, cleaners, porters, caretakers and catering staff) and volunteers are excluded.

750

750

2016

750

2016

Volunteers

Volunteer is a person working on library tasks without payment. In counting volunteers, the concept of headcount is used.

Registered Users

Registered user is a person or organisation registered with a library in order to use its collection and/or services within or away from the library. Users may be registered upon their request or automatically when enrolling in the institutions.

Physical Visits

Physical visit is a person (individual) entering the library premises.

Physical Loans

Physical loan is a direct lending or delivery transaction of an item in physical form. Physical loans include loans of items in non-electronic form (e.g. books) and loans electronic documents on a physical carrier (e.g. CD-ROM).

eBook Loans

eBook is a non-serial digital document, licenced or not, where searchable text is prevalent, and similar to a print book (monograph). eBooks can be lent to users either on portable devices (eBook readers) or by transmitting the contents to the user’s PC or other device for a limited time period.

Audio Book Loans

Audio book (or talking book) is a sound recording of readings of a book, magazine, or newspaper, usually designed for use by visually impaired people. Audio books can be lent to users either on a physical carrier or other device, or by transmitting the content to the user’s PC or other device for a limited time period.

Downloads

Download is a content unit that is successfully requested from a library-provided online service or other internet service (e.g. database, electronic serial or digital document).

Library data (Per 1M People)

Library type

Total

National

Academic

Public

Community

School

Other

Libraries (Service Points)

Library service point is a fixed or mobile facility through which library provides a service to its users. Central libraries, branch libraries, mobile libraries, and external service points located in different geographical locations and managed by one administrative unit are all each individual service points. Number of libraries is the total number of central/main libraries, branch libraries, external service points and mobile libraries.

16,884

1,015

2018

0.1

2018

5.4

2016

0.6

2018

1,008.9

2017

Main Libraries

Central/main library is usually part or those parts of an administrative unit where the main administrative functions and the important parts of the library collection and services are located. An administrative unit comprising several branch libraries does not necessarily include a central library.

31

1.9

2018

0.1

2018

1.2

2016

0.6

2018

Branch Libraries

Branch library is a part of a larger administrative unit providing, in separate quarters, a service for a particular user group (e.g. children, faculties) or for a locally defined clientele. Institute, departmental and other affiliated libraries are included. Mobile libraries and external service points are excluded.

70

4.2

2016

4.2

2016

External Service Points

External service point is a point away from library premises at which a certain service is regularly offered to users. This includes places within a locality at which library material is deposited for informal circulation to a restricted group of users but without other library services, for example, old people’s homes, community centres, collections for hospital patients. Mobile libraries and their stops are not counted as external service points.

Mobile Libraries

Mobile library is a library, sometimes a division of a public library, using transport means to provide documents and services directly to users as an alternative to access on library premises.

Libraries (Administrative Units)

Administrative unit is any independent library, or group of libraries, under a single directorate or a single administration. The term “independent” does not imply legal or financial independence but only that the library is a recognisably separate unit, typically within a larger organisation. The administrative unit can be a single library or a larger organisation, typically containing a central/main library, branch libraries and administrative functions.

16,814

1,010.8

2018

0.1

2018

1.2

2016

0.6

2018

1,008.9

2017

Libraries with Internet Access

Libraries (Service Points) that provides internet access from at least one workstation available to the public regardless of whether access is free, and/or provides a wireless network allowing users to connect to the Internet.

16,783

1,008.9

2017

1,008.9

2017

Full-Time Staff

Full-time equivalent (FTE) staff are all library employees who work for the library in return for payment. It includes professional staff, qualified staff, project staff and assistants. Other staff (library employees who work in security and on domestic duties, for example, cleaners, porters, caretakers and catering staff) and volunteers are excluded.

750

45.1

2016

45.1

2016

Volunteers

Volunteer is a person working on library tasks without payment. In counting volunteers, the concept of headcount is used.

Registered Users

Registered user is a person or organisation registered with a library in order to use its collection and/or services within or away from the library. Users may be registered upon their request or automatically when enrolling in the institutions.

Physical Visits

Physical visit is a person (individual) entering the library premises.

Physical Loans

Physical loan is a direct lending or delivery transaction of an item in physical form. Physical loans include loans of items in non-electronic form (e.g. books) and loans electronic documents on a physical carrier (e.g. CD-ROM).

eBook Loans

eBook is a non-serial digital document, licenced or not, where searchable text is prevalent, and similar to a print book (monograph). eBooks can be lent to users either on portable devices (eBook readers) or by transmitting the contents to the user’s PC or other device for a limited time period.

Audio Book Loans

Audio book (or talking book) is a sound recording of readings of a book, magazine, or newspaper, usually designed for use by visually impaired people. Audio books can be lent to users either on a physical carrier or other device, or by transmitting the content to the user’s PC or other device for a limited time period.

Downloads

Download is a content unit that is successfully requested from a library-provided online service or other internet service (e.g. database, electronic serial or digital document).

Population

Zimbabwe

Region

World

Population

Total population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship. The values shown are midyear estimates.

total

16,634,373

2024

1,291,044,964

2024

8,141,808,945

2024

Proportion of Population Younger than 15

Age dependency ratio, young, is the ratio of younger dependents--people younger than 15--to the working-age population--those ages 15-64. Data are shown as the proportion of dependents per 100 working-age population.

percentage of working-age population

73.6%

2024

72.5%

2024

38.0%

2024

Proportion of Population Older than 64

Age dependency ratio, old, is the ratio of older dependents--people older than 64--to the working-age population--those ages 15-64. Data are shown as the proportion of dependents per 100 working-age population.

precentage of working-age population

6.5%

2024

5.7%

2024

15.7%

2024

Population Growth

Annual population growth rate for year t is the exponential rate of growth of midyear population from year t-1 to t, expressed as a percentage. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship.

annual percentage

1.8%

2024

2

2024

1.0%

2024

Population Density

Population density is midyear population divided by land area in square kilometers. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin. Land area is a country's total area, excluding area under inland water bodies, national claims to continental shelf, and exclusive economic zones. In most cases the definition of inland water bodies includes major rivers and lakes.

people persq. km of land area

42.2%

2023

51.5%

2022

61.6%

2022

Urban Population

Urban population refers to people living in urban areas as defined by national statistical offices. The data are collected and smoothed by United Nations Population Division.

percentage of total population

39.9%

2024

44.1%

2024

57.6%

2024

Information Infrastructure

Zimbabwe

Region

World

Internet Users

Internet users are individuals who have used the Internet (from any location) in the last 3 months. The Internet can be used via a computer, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, games machine, digital TV etc.

percentage of population

38.4%

2023

33.6%

2024

71.2%

2024

Female Internet Users

This indicator refers to female individuals who have used the Internet (from any location) in the last 3 months. The Internet can be used via a computer, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, games machine, digital TV etc.

percentage of female population

29.7%

2020

29.4%

2024

68.2%

2024

Male Internet Users

This indicator refers to male individuals who have used the Internet (from any location) in the last 3 months. The Internet can be used via a computer, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, games machine, digital TV etc.

percentage of male population

-

29.4%

-

Access to Electricity

Access to electricity is the percentage of population with access to electricity. Electrification data are collected from industry, national surveys and international sources.

percentage of population

62.0%

2023

53.3%

2023

91.6%

2023

Economy, Poverty, and Employment

Zimbabwe

Region

World

GDP per Capita

This indicator provides values for gross domestic product (GDP) expressed in current international dollars, converted by purchasing power parities (PPPs). PPPs account for the different price levels across countries and thus PPP-based comparisons of economic output are more appropriate for comparing the output of economies and the average material well-being of their inhabitants than exchange-rate based comparisons. Gross domestic product is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period. It can be measured in three different ways: using either the expenditure approach, the income approach, or the production approach. This series has been linked to produce a consistent time series to counteract breaks in series over time due to changes in base years, source data and methodologies. Thus, it may not be comparable with other national accounts series in the database for historical years. The core indicator has been divided by the general population to achieve a per capita estimate. This indicator is expressed in current prices, meaning no adjustment has been made to account for price changes over time. The PPP conversion factor is a currency conversion factor and a spatial price deflator. PPPs convert different currencies to a common currency and, in the process of conversion, equalize their purchasing power by eliminating the differences in price levels between countries, thereby allowing volume or output comparisons of GDP and its expenditure components.

current international $

5,928

2024

5,517.4

2024

24,405

2024

Poverty Rate

Poverty headcount ratio at $3.00 a day is the percentage of the population living on less than $3.00 a day at 2021 purchasing power adjusted prices. As a result of revisions in PPP exchange rates, poverty rates for individual countries cannot be compared with poverty rates reported in earlier editions.

percentage of population

49.2%

2019

46.0%

2024

10.3%

2024

Inequality

Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases, consumption expenditure) among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of total income received against the cumulative number of recipients, starting with the poorest individual or household. The Gini index measures the area between the Lorenz curve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality, expressed as a percentage of the maximum area under the line. Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality.

percentage

50.3%

2019

0.0%

-

Unemployment

Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.

percentage of total labor force

9.3%

2023

0.0%

6.2%

2021

Inactive Youth

The share of youth not in education, employment or training (also known as “the NEET rate”) conveys the number of young persons not in education, employment or training as a percentage of the total youth population. Youth not in education are those who were neither enrolled in school nor in a formal training program (e.g. vocational training). For the purposes of this indicator, youth is defined as all persons between the ages of 15 and 24 (inclusive).


percentage of youth population

30.0%

2023

0.0%

-

Education and Literacy

Zimbabwe

Region

World

Education Spending

General government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers) is expressed as a percentage of GDP. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. General government usually refers to local, regional and central governments.


percentage of GDP

0.4%

2023

3.3%

2023

3.5%

2023

Adult Literacy Rate

Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.


percentage of people ages 15 and above

93.2%

2019

3.3%

2023

87.7%

2024

Female Adult Literacy

Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.


percentage of females ages 15 and above

93.4%

2019

62.7%

2024

84.6%

2024

Male Adult Literacy

Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.


percentage of males ages 15 and above

93.4%

2019

74.9%

2024

90.9%

2024

Female Youth Literacy

Youth literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15-24 who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.


percentage of females ages 15-24

94.2%

2019

76.6%

2024

92.0%

2024

Male Youth Literacy

Youth literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15-24 who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.


percentage of males ages 15-24

90.8%

2019

81.3%

2024

94.1%

2024

Research and Innovation

Zimbabwe

Region

World

Research Spending

Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D), expressed as a percent of GDP. They include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.


percentage of GDP

-

-

2.7%

2022

Researchers

The number of researchers engaged in Research &Development (R&D), expressed as per million. Researchers are professionals who conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories, models techniques instrumentation, software of operational methods. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.


per million people

95

2012

-

1,516

2018

Scientific Articles

Article counts refer to publications from a selection of conference proceedings and peer-reviewed journals from Scopus in science and engineering fields, according to the National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Taxonomy of Disciplines.


fractional count

563

2022

-

3,338,192

2022

National Library Associations

Zimbabwe Library Association (ZimLA)

ZimLA is run by a National Executive Council (NEC) whose members are elected for two-year terms. There are five branches covering all ten provinces. Branches are supported by Special Interest Groups. The business of ZimLA is guided by a Constitution and Rules of the Association. Major activities carried out by the association include workshops and an Annual Conference.

National Library and Documentation Service (NLDS)

The National Library and Documentation Service (NLDS) was established through an Act of Parliament in 1985 and was implemented in 1988. The National Library serve as the national centre for the collection, conservation and appreciation of Zimbabwe’s published national heritage and a national reference collection. The National Library will also facilitate the sharing and supply of resources through access to international electronic bibliographic and information networks, databases and resources.

Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education

The Ministry is responsible for the National Library and Documentation Service (NLDS).

Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education, Science and Technology Development

The Ministry supervises university, polytechnic and college libraries in Zimbabwe.

Zimbabwe University Library Consortium (ZULC)

ZULC was established in 2001 with an initial membership of six university libraries. It was formed to provide leadership in access to knowledge and to promote information resource sharing and networking in support of ‘human capital development’. The consortium is keen to expand membership beyond the traditional university and college members to include NGOs, research institutions and government departments. It is working on a recruitment strategy in order to grow over the coming years.

College and Research Library Consortium (CARLC)

CARLC was formed at a workshop for librarians held at Mont Clair, Nyanga, Zimbabwe in 1999. The members include Polytechnics, Teachers Colleges, and libraries of the Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education, Science and Technology Development. The goal of the consortium is to promote Library cooperation and resource sharing among member institutions.

Public Library Consortium (PLC)

The Public Library Consortium is made up of public libraries and is yet to be officially launched. The consortium will provide a platform for public libraries to interact and share resources.

National Policy for Libraries

There is no information available.

National Library and Documentation Service Act (11/1985)

The Act provides for the establishment of the National Library and Documentation Service (NLDS) and the establishment of a Council to advise on the administration of the NLDS. The Act also applies to affiliate libraries which are registered with the NLDS as well as to constituent libraries which are staffed by public officers and which the NLDS administers; these include government ministerial and deparmental libraries, government educational libraries, and other libraries. The act aims at (i) promoting the widespread enjoyment in Zimbabwe of publications of an educational, scientific, cultural, recreational or sporting value; (ii) ensuring, maintaining and developing a high standard of library facilities; (iii) operating a documentation facility and an inter-library loan facility; and (iv) training librarians and to ensure, maintain, co-ordinate and develop a high standard of librarianship.
There are plans to have the Act reviewed or replaced with the National Library Council Bill.

Professional Qualification Requirements

Professional Qualification Requirements

The professional qualification requirements in Zimbabwe are largely dependent on the Private, Public and Academic sector one wishes to work in. The President of the Republic of Zimbabwe, Cde. Emmerson Dambudzo Mnangagwa launched the Zimbabwe National Qualifications Framework (ZNQF) on Tuesday, 11 July 2018. The ZNQF seeks among many objectives, to provide a mechanism to harmonise national qualifications, enable vertical and horizontal mobility of learners and graduates. There is an ongoing discussion by information professionals on the impact of the ZNFQ in relation to work qualification requirements.

Education

There are a number of library schools in Zimbabwe that offer courses in librarianship. The library schools include: Bulawayo Polytechnic, Gweru Polytechnic, Harare Polytechnic, Kushinga Phikelela Polytechnic, Mutare Polytechnic, National University of Science and Technology, and Zimbabwe Open University. A person with five ‘O’ level subjects may start studying for a National Certificate (1 year) in Library Management and Information Science and pursue a National Diploma (3 years including attachment year) and then study for a Higher National Diploma (1 year). A person with a Higher National Diploma may apply to study for a Bachelor of Science Honours in Library and Information Science (2 Years) at the Zimbabwe Open University. The National University of Science and Technology offers a Bachelor of Science Honours Degree in Library and Information Science (BSc. Hon. LIS) (4 Years); a Master of Science Degree in Library and Information Science (MSc LIS) (2 Years) and a Post-Graduate Diploma in Library and Information Science (PDLIS).

The Zimbabwe Librarian

“The Zimbabwe Librarian” is the official journal of the Zimbabwe Library Association (ZimLA) and was formerly published as ‘The Rhodesian Librarian’. The association suspended the print copy in 2004 and plans to resume publishing in the near future. The publication shares information on the professional association, information sector and global trends in librarianship.

Zimbabwe Library Association Annual Conference and Annual General Meeting

The Zimbabwe Library Association holds an annual four day conference in July and a Pre-Conference for schools libraries. The Library Association extends its invitation to Library and Information Professionals, Publishers, Authors, Book Distributors, Academics, Researchers, Policy makers and relevant stakeholders with vested interest in the library and information services sector. The main goal of the annual event is to create opportunities for local, regional and international practitioners, suppliers and policy makers in the library and information services sector to convene, discuss, share ideas aspirations; and learn from each other.

Zimbabwe International Book Fair (ZIBF) Librarians Workshop

The Zimbabwe International Book Fair Association (ZIBFA) hosts a five day event each year. The first two days are for an Indaba Conference, the third is the opening day, the fourth day is for the Publishers Workshop and the fifth day is for the Librarians Workshop.

Library Location Resources

No information available

Contributors

  • Zimbabwe Library Association (ZimLA)